National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis 02-15-2008 Model raster digital data Science \\ebm\homes\data\marine_threats\data\completed\models\model\grid\model Science 02-15-2008 A Global Map of human impact on marine ecosystems model A comprehensive list of 38 categories of anthropogenic drivers of change in marine ecosystems developed through expert workshops (S1) was assessed for data availability on a global scale. We intentionally did not further subdivide these categories into unique drivers (e.g. each specific type of pollutant) as this would lead to over-emphasis of certain activities when impacts are summed. We limited our analyses to anthropogenic drivers with pre-existing global coverage or those for which we could assemble or develop global coverage. Although many regional-scale data and data with a global scope but incomplete coverage exist for a variety of specific human activities, inclusion of these data would bias global comparisons and so were excluded. Anthropogenic drivers that could not be included are, among others: hypoxic zones, coastal engineering (piers, rock walls, etc.), non-cargo shipping (ferries, cruise ships, etc), aquaculture, disease, recreational fishing, changes in sedimentation and freshwater input, and tourism. For all of these drivers data exist for one or more regions, but none have full global coverage. We also assessed availability of global data for 23 different marine ecosystems and were granted access to or developed spatial data for 20 of these. Data that were included in our analyses are listed in Table S1 and described in detail below. Our cumulative impact model follows a 4-step process (Fig. S1). We first assembled the global data for each anthropogenic driver (Di) and each ecosystem (Ej). Second, we log[X+1]-transformed and rescaled between 0-1 each driver layer to put them on a single, unitless scale that allows direct comparison, and converted ecosystem data into 1 km2 presence/absence layers. Third, for each 1 km2 cell of ocean we multiplied each driver layer with each ecosystem layer to create driver-by-ecosystem combinations, and then multiplied these combinations by the appropriate weighting variable (uij) These weighting variables come from an expert survey that assessed the vulnerability of each ecosystem to each driver on the basis of 5 ecological traits (S1). The weighting values (Table S2) represent the relative impact of an anthropogenic driver on an ecosystem within a given cell when both exist in that cell, and do not represent the relative global 1 impact of a driver or the overall status of an ecosystem. The sum of these weighted driver-by-ecosystem combinations then represents the relative cumulative impact of human activities on all ecosystems in a particular 1 km2 cell. Finally, to provide ecological meaning to these relative cumulative impact scores, we used empirical data on the condition of ecosystems to groundtruth our scores. The sensitivity of our results to key steps in this process and further details on the groundtruthing method are provided below. All open-access data and analytical code used in this project can be downloaded at (website TBD). What happens in the vast stretches of the world's oceans - both wondrous and worrisome - has too often been out of sight, out of mind. The sea represents the last major scientific frontier on planet earth - a place where expeditions continue to discover not only new species, but even new phyla. The role of these species in the ecosystem, where they sit in the tree of life, and how they respond to environmental changes really do constitute mysteries of the deep. Despite technological advances that now allow people to access, exploit or affect nearly all parts of the ocean, we still understand very little of the ocean's biodiversity and how it is changing under our influence. The goal of the research presented here is to estimate and visualize, for the first time, the global impact humans are having on the ocean's ecosystems. Our analysis, published in Science February 15, 2008, shows that over 40% of the world's oceans are heavily affected by human activities and few if any areas remain untouched. Please see supplimental online materials for more information. en 02-15-2008 publication date Complete As needed -180.000000 180.000000 90.000000 -90.000000 -18040095.19613218041068.724148-9020981.8269479020067.372632 REQUIRED: Reference to a formally registered thesaurus or a similar authoritative source of theme keywords. impact marine global modeling global ocean marine current 2007 2008 Data available from NCEAS is distributable (please cite correctly). Please contact before distributing dirived data. For original data, please visit http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/GlobalMarine For distribution of orignal data, please use proper citation. Ben Halpern National Center for Ecological Analysys and Synthesis Assistant Research Scientists mailing and physical address
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Santa Barbara California 93101 USA (805)-892-2531 (805)-892-2510 halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu National Center for Ecologial Analysis and Synthesis Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.2 (Build 3790) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1324 Raster Dataset Raster Grid Cell 19306 38611 1 934.478877934.47887732Upper LeftFALSEDefault1matrix valuesTRUE row and column 934.478877 934.478877 meters Mollweide0.0000000.0000000.000000 D_WGS_1984WGS_19846378137.000000298.257224 GCS_WGS_1984WGS_1984_Mollweide National Center for Ecoogical Analysys and Synthesis http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/GlobalMarine Downloadable Data -1226.455 -1226.455 20080214 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Colin Ebert GIS Analyst REQUIRED: The mailing and/or physical address for the organization or individual. REQUIRED: The city of the address. REQUIRED: The state or province of the address. REQUIRED: The ZIP or other postal code of the address. 805-892-2500 ebert@nceas.ucsb.edu http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/GlobalMarine/ FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 local time http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html ESRI Metadata Profile enhttp://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.htmlESRI Metadata Profile 2008021410571700FALSE20080214105817002008021410581700{21FB896A-C3DD-418D-9058-C40429B0F0FC}Metadata imported.C:\DOCUME~1\Ebert\LOCALS~1\Temp\xml6E.tmp20080213Metadata imported.Z:\data\marine_threats\data\completed\impacts\transformed\uv\fgdc\uv.xml20080214Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.2 (Build 3790) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1324model-18040095.19613218041068.7241489020067.372632-9020981.8269471-18018090-901ISO 19115 Geographic Information - MetadataDIS_ESRI1.0datasetfile://\\ebm\homes\data\marine_threats\data\completed\models\model\grid\modelLocal Area Network002-1226.455Raster DatasetWGS_1984_Mollweide2138611934.4789Meter1 Meter = 1 Meter(s)19306934.4789Meter1 Meter = 1 Meter(s)20080214